tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64859126778077952252024-03-05T02:08:33.922-08:00Chemistry is your HappinessWe are four students from San Francisco de Paula school (Seville, Spain) who post in this blog their experiment in order to share our Chemistry classes. We are Mondasa, Maite, Luis and Eu. Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-31185195177597842952013-03-09T05:36:00.002-08:002013-06-09T04:13:34.267-07:00Sixth Lab Session - Propanol<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Objective:</u> </b></div>
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To determine and measure how the different types of alcohols and molecules arrangements (size and number of Carbon atoms) affect their vapour pressure. </div>
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<u><b>Background information:</b></u></div>
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The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid; that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in a closed container. (This can be also applied in solids). Examples:</div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Substance</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Vapor pressure at 25<sup>o</sup>C</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">diethyl
ether<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">0.7 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">bromine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">0.3 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">ethyl
alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">0.08 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">0.03 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as the following graph shows for water. The line on the graph shows the boiling temperature for water.<br />
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<img alt="Graph of vapor pressure vs temperature for water" height="296" nosave="" src="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpvst.gif" width="450" /></center>
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As the temperature of a liquid or solid increases its vapor pressure also increases. Conversely, vapor pressure decreases as the temperature decreases.</div>
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(<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">MERCIS, Elissa (2010))</span></div>
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During this lab session, we are going to work with Propanol:</div>
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"Propanol is a colourless, mobile, neutral liquid of average volatility and has a characteristic alcoholic smell. It is freely miscible with water." Furthermore, its molecular weight is 60.095.</div>
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Propanol has many applications</div>
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n-Propanol is used as a solvent and an intermediate. It shows less tendency to absorb water than lower alcohols, and has a considerably milder and more pleasant odour than higher alcohols.</div>
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In the coatings industry, n-Propanol is a useful medium-volatility alcohol for improving the drying characteristics, e.g. of alkyd resins, electrodeposition paints and baking finishes.</div>
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It is added to cleaners, floor polishes and metal degreasing fluids and is used as an additional solvents in the manufacture of adhesives.</div>
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n-Propanol is also present in de-icing fluids and is used as extractant and entrainer in azeotropic distillation.</div>
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n-Propanol is a feedstock in the manufacture of insecticides, herbicides and pharmaceuticals. It reacts with acetic acid to form propyl acetate, with ammonia to form propylamines and with halogens to form the corresponding propyl halides</div>
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<u></u></div>
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(BASF, The Chemical Company. (5-3-2008))</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1g8NsFF61tU/UbMFEXmY-lI/AAAAAAAAAPE/xrH6vVl8Alk/s1600/12.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1g8NsFF61tU/UbMFEXmY-lI/AAAAAAAAAPE/xrH6vVl8Alk/s1600/12.JPG" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ukzoYSyhRoo/UbMFEJMqUxI/AAAAAAAAAO8/46Ho_MP3yo4/s1600/14.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ukzoYSyhRoo/UbMFEJMqUxI/AAAAAAAAAO8/46Ho_MP3yo4/s1600/14.JPG" /></a></div>
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<u><b>Materials:</b></u></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--9r_UIqJfbI/UTtHB3-S50I/AAAAAAAAAIo/DgoWpZi6nME/s1600/IMG_6003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: white;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--9r_UIqJfbI/UTtHB3-S50I/AAAAAAAAAIo/DgoWpZi6nME/s200/IMG_6003.JPG" width="149" /></span> </a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cMbDD1t7opU/UTtHBa4dU7I/AAAAAAAAAIg/G2nTBCazKQY/s1600/IMG_6002.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cMbDD1t7opU/UTtHBa4dU7I/AAAAAAAAAIg/G2nTBCazKQY/s200/IMG_6002.JPG" width="149" /></a> </div>
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Propanol Schlenk tube</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t5JJk9fe1dc/UTtHEfebgeI/AAAAAAAAAIw/6BDlGpc6NuA/s1600/IMG_5984.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="149" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t5JJk9fe1dc/UTtHEfebgeI/AAAAAAAAAIw/6BDlGpc6NuA/s200/IMG_5984.JPG" width="200" /> </a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z9-cailRUCc/UTtHEo1I_DI/AAAAAAAAAI0/iS3IPkMC1D8/s1600/IMG_5982.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z9-cailRUCc/UTtHEo1I_DI/AAAAAAAAAI0/iS3IPkMC1D8/s200/IMG_5982.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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Vacuum line</div>
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<a href="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/m/Muscle_RubberBand2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/m/Muscle_RubberBand2.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eBn53dGWuXE/UUoFktqqlDI/AAAAAAAAAKg/yG-eOsUvz4A/s1600/IMG_6436.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eBn53dGWuXE/UUoFktqqlDI/AAAAAAAAAKg/yG-eOsUvz4A/s200/IMG_6436.JPG" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: center;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: center;"> 2 rubber bands Cover</span></div>
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<img height="200" src="http://dyn-images2.hsni.com/is/image/HomeShoppingNetwork/prodzoom/samsung-156in-windows-8-4gb-ram-500gb-laptop-d-2012113018070313~227229_040.jpg" width="200" /> <img src="http://www.vernier-iberica.com/imagenes/lp3splash.gif" /></div>
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1 laptop Logger Pro</div>
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<img height="200" src="http://dustinyouthbusters321.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/retort-stand-and-clamp.jpg" width="200" /> <img height="156" src="http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/376461/7014633/0/1222654596/lab_metal_ware_clamp_lab_jack.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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Stand Clamp</div>
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<img height="200" src="http://beatboredom.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/vaseline.jpg" width="200" /> <img height="149" src="http://image.ec21.com/image/bjweichengya/oimg_GC06535281_CA06535414/biology_digital_lab_--Sulfur_Dioxide_Gas_Sensor.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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Vaseline Gas pressure Sensor</div>
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<img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTQysBMF5gExSmhbOPEEgo2eOhZ1wYnWuwDF5tS1V6jynkGth0S" /></div>
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Rubber Tube</div>
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If you want to carry out this experiment, you must install "Logger Pro" in you computers, using this website: </div>
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<a href="http://www.softpedia.es/descargar-Logger-Pro-34290.html">http://www.softpedia.es/descargar-Logger-Pro-34290.html</a></div>
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<u><b>Method:</b></u></div>
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1.-Take the Schlenk tube and attach it to the stand using a clamp.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0u4rPiuifa9VUF6yD7e-neMkGqm9Etrjpng5DuuZjR0-dGvFVJWL-MWb2VsD8EUOAU7wXsowQ562waxplCVJPiOsXM5KBLL10ZYZGbuy2RmeYnhS_ojAEwxRa2ZHOOOym-AVYuN7tc-W4/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0u4rPiuifa9VUF6yD7e-neMkGqm9Etrjpng5DuuZjR0-dGvFVJWL-MWb2VsD8EUOAU7wXsowQ562waxplCVJPiOsXM5KBLL10ZYZGbuy2RmeYnhS_ojAEwxRa2ZHOOOym-AVYuN7tc-W4/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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2.-Fill the Schlenk tube with 20 mL propanol (or any other alcohol you can find below).</div>
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3.-Spread vaseline in the upper part of the Schlenk tube. This will prevent our materials sticking together while creating the vacuum. </div>
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<a href="http://www.lesdoit.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/lesdoit-vaselina-para-el-pelo-11.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="130" src="http://www.lesdoit.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/lesdoit-vaselina-para-el-pelo-11.jpeg" width="200" /></a> </div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">4.-Place the cover of the Schlenk tube on top of it (where you have already spread the vaseline). Use two rubber bands in order to ensure it does not move nor fall.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; text-align: center;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eBn53dGWuXE/UUoFktqqlDI/AAAAAAAAAKg/yG-eOsUvz4A/s1600/IMG_6436.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eBn53dGWuXE/UUoFktqqlDI/AAAAAAAAAKg/yG-eOsUvz4A/s200/IMG_6436.JPG" width="200" /></a></span></span></div>
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5.-Connect the rubber tube to the Schlenk tube so you can connect the gas pressure sensor to your laptop.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5XLB5Dzq8aGEV0J5AINj3V1LS45INC2rK2Srxet9_ulzdGR9tt5spBDVOiGq3oNW1SsJIgFFntUpr2y0nPTbr2UwV0JBIxDRlwIBGb8XAiu7J9KHbA2j4heiswd9Yj4TfeXq8xRW8h9yO/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5XLB5Dzq8aGEV0J5AINj3V1LS45INC2rK2Srxet9_ulzdGR9tt5spBDVOiGq3oNW1SsJIgFFntUpr2y0nPTbr2UwV0JBIxDRlwIBGb8XAiu7J9KHbA2j4heiswd9Yj4TfeXq8xRW8h9yO/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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6.- Go to the vacuum line and create a vacuum (the tap should look upwards). Some propanol will start boiling, don't worry.</div>
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7.-Collect the data and wait until the pressure collected reaches an equilibrium.</div>
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<u><b>Results and calculations:</b></u></div>
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Once we finished our experiment, we waited until the pressure remained constant, and we obtained that the pressure of propanol was 9,8 kPa. We then shared the data with our classmates, and we created a table:</div>
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<b>Table 1:</b><u> Table showing the pressure in kPa of the different alcohols we have been working with</u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pressure (kPa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Propanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">9,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Methanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Hexanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">4,27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Butanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">5,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pentanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">4,10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Ethanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">11,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Octanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">2,04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Heptanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">2,02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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As we can see, there is an inverse proportion between the pressure and the number of carbons. For instance, the higher the number of carbons, the lower the pressure measured. </div>
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<b>Graph 1:</b> <u>Graph showing how the vapour pressure changes with the number of carbons the alcohol has.</u></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H5RX9Ft0DMw/UbM_qeBGL6I/AAAAAAAAAQ8/V9uHVFzlIfg/s1600/propanol+grafico+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="387" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H5RX9Ft0DMw/UbM_qeBGL6I/AAAAAAAAAQ8/V9uHVFzlIfg/s640/propanol+grafico+1.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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In the graph above we can observe how the vapout pressure decreases at the same time the number of carbons increase. In other words, the pressure is inversely proportional to the number of carbons the alcohol contains. We can determine that is a logaritmic function because is the equation that is better adjusted to the points obtained. The co-relation coefficient is 0,9764, this means that the results are not perfect. However is a number very near to 1 (which would mean that the results are perfect) so we can say that it has been an almos perfect experiment. </div>
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<b>Graph 2</b>:<u> Graph showing the inverse of the data we have obtained in this experiment (number of carbons against pressure) </u></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uOVJxadbAoU/UWPDvNNoXRI/AAAAAAAAAMg/oewYE-U20rw/s1600/Capturads.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uOVJxadbAoU/UWPDvNNoXRI/AAAAAAAAAMg/oewYE-U20rw/s640/Capturads.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<u>Comments about the graph:</u></div>
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In the inverse of the first graph (second graph) we have included the best fitting line (slope), which is a straight line (constant slope).</div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">We
can see that the co-relation coefficient (R</span><sup><span style="line-height: 115%;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">, which indicates us how
well the line fits the points, is not as good as possible (0,8801). If this coefficient
approaches to 1, this means that the experiment has been very well done, with very
little mistakes.</span></div>
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<u>Conclusions:</u></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxfptwhKGyGk985vjwjmywMShm6MF7Ymy1NBcYaFngzBNwkCUic6PWX6cIxFcNTzaiquuM42ETps6tOQQAclg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzjE8gGu8D6UuJabjylnU2QSrCaPb2jor681NQajQmJ3TjsbSZIW0kaYxbc1pzwgWKTnQI5KrCtHaalMiN3xA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<i>(In 00:29 and so on, it means a lower boiling point, not a higher one)</i></div>
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<u>Bibliography:</u><br />
BASF, The Chemical Company. (5-3-2008) <i>n-Propanol. </i>Taken from: <a href="http://www.solvents.basf.com/portal/load/fid228771/n_Propanol_e_03_08.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.solvents.basf.com/portal/load/fid228771/n_Propanol_e_03_08.pdf</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; line-height: 16px;">MERCIS, Elissa (2010). </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; line-height: 16px;">Vapour Pressure.</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; line-height: 16px;"> Taken from: <a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpress.html" target="_blank">http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpress.html</a></span><br />
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<u>Organization:</u><br />
Objective: Mondaza<br />
Background: Eugenia, Maite<br />
Materials: Maite, Mondaza<br />
Method: Mondaza<br />
Results and calculations: Fco. Javier, Maite, Mondaza<br />
Conclusions: Luis, Maite, Eugenia and Mondaza.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04979392418666021137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-48344081002750428742013-02-12T03:06:00.000-08:002013-03-20T11:32:52.811-07:00Fifth Lab Session - Gas law apparatus<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;">05/02/2013</span><br />
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<u>Objective</u>: To determine how the volume of the gas affects its pressure.<br />
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<u>Background information:</u></div>
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A gas law apparatus, as its name indicates, is used to study the different laws and properties of gases, such as pressure or volume and to demonstrate their relationships. It is composed of the thermometer (to indicate the temperature of the gas while changing pressure and volume), the piston with the cylinder (to change the variables), the pressure indicator and the valve that allows the compressed air to escape. (FLINN, 2011)<br />
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It has an easy mechanism that makes you able to test the relationship between pressure and volume in gases. We have to move the piston up or down so that the pressure decreases (moving it from the lower part to he top of the cylinder) or increases (compressing the air from the upper part to the lower one)</div>
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There is a directly proportional relationship between volume (V) and temperature (T), (Charle's-Gay Lussac's Law), which says that when volume increases, temperature increases. </div>
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Even though we are not going to focus on the temperature, we have noticed that the temperature changes very little while the volume of the gas changes.</div>
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<a href="http://www.xump.com/Images/Products/Gas-Law-Apparatus-500A.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.xump.com/Images/Products/Gas-Law-Apparatus-500A.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<b><u>Procedure:</u></b></div>
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<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
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Spin around the handle, so when it goes downwards, the volume of the gas decreases; and when it goes upwards, the volume increases.</div>
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In order to take notes of the results, move the handle up or downwards, so it reaches the volume indicated on the<b> tables</b> below.</div>
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<b>Table 1: Table showing the relationship between the volume of air and its pressure</b></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8fqMMcVP0wI/UTn7k2cvMPI/AAAAAAAAAKE/M3Ljdfb5OrQ/s1600/table+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="349" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8fqMMcVP0wI/UTn7k2cvMPI/AAAAAAAAAKE/M3Ljdfb5OrQ/s640/table+1.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">We have been measuring pressure above atmospheric pressure (extra pressure).</span></div>
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In order to calculate the atmospheric pressure (1 atm, which is equal to 101325 Pa) in hectoPascals, we have done a conversion factor: </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DJhG0KYW1_w/UToIdV7n4pI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/Mp1T0B0g1MY/s1600/Captura.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DJhG0KYW1_w/UToIdV7n4pI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/Mp1T0B0g1MY/s1600/Captura.JPG" /></a></div>
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Then, we added this value to the pressure we obtained in the experiment.</div>
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In the fourth column we can see the volume we obtained, and in the third, the volume obtained added to the atmospheric pressure.</div>
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<b>Graph 1 (a): Graph showing how the air pressure decreases while the volume increases</b></div>
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Pressure (hPa) </div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_x6znQBOmg/UTn-BDrPxYI/AAAAAAAAAKk/PDrq_x7FJm8/s1600/graph+1+a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_x6znQBOmg/UTn-BDrPxYI/AAAAAAAAAKk/PDrq_x7FJm8/s640/graph+1+a.JPG" width="640" /></a>Volume (mL) </div>
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<b>Graph 1 (b): Graph showing the inverse of the data we have obtained in this experiment (Volume against Pressure)</b><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Pressure (hPa)</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o01p4gzcnKo/UTn98XkhryI/AAAAAAAAAKg/kwrSAFU-kWY/s1600/Graph+1+b.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="386" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o01p4gzcnKo/UTn98XkhryI/AAAAAAAAAKg/kwrSAFU-kWY/s640/Graph+1+b.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> Volume (mL)</span><br />
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<b>Table 2: Table showing the pressure and inverse pressure of air in hectoPascals obtained while we increase the volume of it.</b></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sKpSvhEdWP0/UUoAxMQRxrI/AAAAAAAAAKU/b9kFA8fLgi4/s1600/123.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sKpSvhEdWP0/UUoAxMQRxrI/AAAAAAAAAKU/b9kFA8fLgi4/s640/123.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Graph 2 (a): Graph showing how the pressure decreases while the volume of air increases. </b></div>
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Pressure (hPa)</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-53xJko13Hjo/UToCqR2LbNI/AAAAAAAAAK4/DBTJ6nGRV9k/s1600/graph+2+a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="402" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-53xJko13Hjo/UToCqR2LbNI/AAAAAAAAAK4/DBTJ6nGRV9k/s640/graph+2+a.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Volume (mL)</div>
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<b>Graph 2 (b): Graph showing how inverse pressure of the data obtained above increases at the same time the volume increases.</b></div>
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Pressure (hPa)</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-b8JbcIr0Arg/UToCry5Ls4I/AAAAAAAAALA/3fnHCwoMWGE/s1600/Graph+2+b.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-b8JbcIr0Arg/UToCry5Ls4I/AAAAAAAAALA/3fnHCwoMWGE/s640/Graph+2+b.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Volume (mL)</div>
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<u><b>Conclusions</b></u></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxptgNPtYOsHg8LosOfbGwtqv6SH9ethstsO-70W16_M-Q_E_frgn7YkkDJbD4oERs_DvtCtHE2UHlH4aWBSw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">As we
can see in the video, tables and graphs above, the pressure increases
while the volume decreases. This experiment is just a demonstration of “Boyle’s
Law”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">We’ve
concluded that the volume of the gas and its pressure are inversely
proportional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We have found this
experiment very interesting because we have understood this law very quickly, without any difficulties and in a practice way.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FLINN, S. (2011): <i>The Gas Law apparatus</i>. Taken from:</span><br />
<a href="http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=22163" target="_blank">http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=22163</a><br />
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Eu http://www.blogger.com/profile/05580648720574224335noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-76619980484767650062013-02-05T03:24:00.000-08:002013-03-20T11:27:12.199-07:00Fourth Lab Session - How to make a battery with redox couples<div style="text-align: center;">
Mª Eugenia Fernández de los Ronderos, Maite Pérez Lagares and Luis Galán Ruiz</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cherry Cream Soda;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">05/02/2013</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Cherry Cream Soda;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><u>Objective:</u> To build a battery (energy emitter) with two redox couples.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Cherry Cream Soda;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Cherry Cream Soda;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><u>Materials:</u></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r076rUb-zMg/URDtNWYTvwI/AAAAAAAAAH8/na1qGE6vCkQ/s1600/IMG_1821.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r076rUb-zMg/URDtNWYTvwI/AAAAAAAAAH8/na1qGE6vCkQ/s1600/IMG_1821.JPG" width="148" /> </a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qji88fDuz1M/URDt1boih6I/AAAAAAAAAIE/4daXsYSJ0NI/s1600/IMG_1822.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qji88fDuz1M/URDt1boih6I/AAAAAAAAAIE/4daXsYSJ0NI/s1600/IMG_1822.JPG" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-G-wAqzaVBZM/URDuV6WgiAI/AAAAAAAAAIM/huNds1Wn3PY/s1600/IMG_1833.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-G-wAqzaVBZM/URDuV6WgiAI/AAAAAAAAAIM/huNds1Wn3PY/s1600/IMG_1833.JPG" width="149" /></a></div>
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- U-tube - Multimeter - lead (II) nitrate</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iNWDCo6X9nI/URDuWAXnygI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/0Ej7XyEasI4/s1600/IMG_1835.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iNWDCo6X9nI/URDuWAXnygI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/0Ej7XyEasI4/s1600/IMG_1835.JPG" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3GUcCJmhLpk/URDuWdy0jjI/AAAAAAAAAIU/-ySyz-CtZDo/s1600/IMG_1834.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3GUcCJmhLpk/URDuWdy0jjI/AAAAAAAAAIU/-ySyz-CtZDo/s1600/IMG_1834.JPG" width="149" /></a> <img src="http://www.millexpo.com/images/application/lead-zinc-crusher-mill.jpg" style="text-align: center;" /></div>
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- magnesium - magnesium sulfate (aqueous solution) -lead</div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTte_XA0E36bx2vEqzOF8YkHEj0E5mP6Z2ZLdBVwzMWQbWJVSVS" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="200" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTte_XA0E36bx2vEqzOF8YkHEj0E5mP6Z2ZLdBVwzMWQbWJVSVS" width="160" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRIHBAwWkRhBYca-X0vl3EnNEAAQBy9SToe28vufDpmbUgkodTE" /> <img height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYuY4Je2oqVF2vQr1FJtATkUEr4aa5_7s_Gzr7ZjhYJrJCLy8y-mPlIWgpgjsK6kUj-DF9VGYf7fUHOayEkVJBY38UkOy35gauqfi1Tq9VAycwowL5TRU1PYBgPO4bB34CfN2UuVRPL6rk/s200/agua-grifo.jpg" width="156" /></a></div>
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- 2 beakers -Sodium Chloride -Water </div>
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<img height="200" src="http://absolutamente-simple.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/algodon8.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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- Cotton</div>
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<u>Background information:</u></div>
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Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, primarily involve the transfer of electrons between two chemical species. </div>
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The compound that loses electrons is said to be oxidized, the one that gains electrons is said to be reduced.</div>
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There are also specific terms that describe the specific chemial species. </div>
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A compound that is oxidized is referred to as a reducting agent, while a compound that is reduced is referred to as the oxidizing agent. (UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, 2012) </div>
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Due this phenomenom, the redox couples we use today, can generate electricity.</div>
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<u style="font-family: 'Cherry Cream Soda'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Procedure:</u></div>
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1.- Fill up the U tube with NaCl and water, and put cotton in both ends, so that the solution does not fall out. </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hBw8nM7qy6I/UREuTDlmbQI/AAAAAAAAAEk/oPx-8XoheEE/s1600/IMG_5457.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hBw8nM7qy6I/UREuTDlmbQI/AAAAAAAAAEk/oPx-8XoheEE/s200/IMG_5457.JPG" width="149" /></a></div>
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2.- Pour aproximately 10 mL of lead (II) nitrate inside of a beaker.</div>
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3.- Pour aproximately 10 mL of magnesium sulfate in the other beaker.</div>
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4.- Make sure the multimeter's cables are in the following position:<br />
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<img height="200" src="https://bnnn72.ssl-cdn.s.mel.secureinf.net/Product-800x800/c37f07da-46e9-4014-bab6-ae2631e96285.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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5.- Put a long piece of magnesium inside the beaker containing magnesium sulfate.</div>
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6.- Put the longest fragment of lead (Pb) inside the other beaker containing lead (II) nitrate.</div>
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7.- Pin the piece of magnesium which is inside the beaker with the black clamp of the multimeter.</div>
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8.- Pin the fragment of lead with the red clamp.</div>
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9.- Set the "U tube" upside down, so that each of the ends of the tube get into both beakers, in order to conduct electricity.</div>
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10.- Turn on the multimeter to the "2000 millivolts" function.</div>
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11.- Collect the data in your notebook.</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_ejTHOt8F24/URIwjsfcwyI/AAAAAAAAAIs/bwjnPPzFGDE/s1600/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_ejTHOt8F24/URIwjsfcwyI/AAAAAAAAAIs/bwjnPPzFGDE/s1600/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo.png" /></a></div>
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<u>Results and Conclusions</u></div>
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As we can see in the image below, the energy emitted is around 1259 mV (milli-Volts).<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nCk5kQjup9E/UREu0SHpwTI/AAAAAAAAAFo/1SylaTWonZ4/s1600/IMG_5469.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nCk5kQjup9E/UREu0SHpwTI/AAAAAAAAAFo/1SylaTWonZ4/s320/IMG_5469.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The redox couples used are the following:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pb</span><sup>2+</sup>/Pb<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Its reduction potential is +1,693 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Its reduction potential is -2,363 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As we know electrons move from left to right, the same way we write
it. lead has more tendency to reduce because its reduction potencial is higher than magnesium. (<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">+1,693 > </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-2,363)</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Daniell cell will remain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mg/Mg<sup>2+</sup>// <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pb</span><sup>2+</sup>/Pb<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><sup><br /></sup></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">So when we have these redox couples, the Daniell cell produces:</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">+1,693 + </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">2,363 = </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4,056 V.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">While the potencial difference is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-(2,363) + 1,693 = - 0,67 V<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The symbol has no importance, because what we want to know is the potential difference; and the symbol what indicates us is the direction of the electrons. So, the potential difference is 0,67 V. </span></div>
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<u>References:</u></div>
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University of North Carolina (2012). <i>Redox Reactions.</i> Taken from: </div>
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<a href="http://www.shodor.org/unchem/advanced/redox/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.shodor.org/unchem/advanced/redox/index.html</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04979392418666021137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-61917460641792662612013-02-03T02:32:00.000-08:002013-04-08T02:18:59.246-07:00Third Lab Sesion - Redox titration of hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Eugenia Fernández de los Ronderos Jiménez and Fco Javier Mondaza Hernández</span></span> <u><br /></u></div>
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<u>Objective:</u> To determine the volume of KMnO4 needed for 4mL of <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">S</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">4</sub> and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.<br />
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<u>Background:</u><br />
Titration is a method of analysis which allow us to determine the precise endpoint of a reaction, and therefore, the precise quantity of reactant in the titration flask.<br />
A burette is used to deliver the second reactant to the flask and an indicator or pH Meter is used to detect the endpoint of the reaction. (DARMOUTH COLLEGE, 2012)<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><u>Materials</u>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Stand</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Erlenmeyer flask</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Burette</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Clamp stand</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Beaker</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Pippete </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Clamp</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">KMnO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">4 </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(0,05 M)</span></div>
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<sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">- </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">S</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">4 </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(4 M)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-100 mL volumetric flask</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">-Comercial oxygenated water (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"> KMnO<sub>4 </sub>Beaker, Pippete and Erlenmeyer flask.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><sub></sub></span> </span><u>Procedure:</u><br />
1. Set up the material. (picture).<br />
2. Fill the burette with <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">KMnO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">4</sub>.<br />
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3. Adjust the level of the burette to 0.<br />
4. Take 4 mL of <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2 </sub>with the pippete and add it to the Erlenmeyer flask.<br />
5. Add 4 mL (we do not need to be accurate) of the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">S</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">4 </sub> to the Erlenmeyer flask.<br />
6. Titrate the redox solution, until no reaction is taking place. For this, you have to open the tap carefully and see how the "<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">KMnO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 14px;">4 </sub>" behaves when it is in contact with the solution.<br />
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<a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/graphics/titration/titration10.gif" imageanchor="1"><img alt="Image 10" border="0" height="320" src="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/graphics/titration/titration10.gif" style="cursor: move; text-align: center;" width="231" /></a><br />
<span style="text-align: center;">Final look of the solution.</span><br />
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<u style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: center;">Results</u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: center;">: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: center;">Our results were the following one:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4 mL </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">S</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">4 + </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4 mL </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">2 + <span style="color: red;"><b>29,2 mL</b></span> </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">KMnO</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">4</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; vertical-align: sub;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; vertical-align: sub;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">And the reaction observed is this one:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">KMnO<span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span> + </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">S</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">4 + </sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14px;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">O</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">2 --> MnSO</sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span></sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"> + O</sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"> H</sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">O + K</sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">SO</sub><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span></sub><br />
<sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></sub>
<sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Carrying out a simple balancing redox reaction, we can balance it in order to continue with our calculations:</span></sub><br />
<sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></sub>
<br />
2KMnO<span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> +3 H<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span>SO<span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> + 5H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> --> 2MnSO<span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> + 5O<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span> + 8H<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span>O + K<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span>SO<span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">-Therefore, we can calculate the moles of KMnO</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">M = moles/ volume in L. // 0.05 = x/ 0.0292 //<u>0.00146</u> moles </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">KMnO</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">-Taking into account the ratio between </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">KMnO</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4 </span>and H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span> we calculate the moles of the last one:<br />
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5 H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 / </span>2 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">KMnO</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">4 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>--> (0.00146 *5) :2 = moles H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 // </span>0.0073 : 2 = moles<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>//<br />
<br />
<u>0.00365</u> = moles<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
-Therefore, we can now calculate the molarity of <span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
M = moles /volume in L // M = 0.00365 / 0,004 L // M <span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> = <u>0.9125</u><br />
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-According to the theoretical relation between<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>and the O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> produced<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>(1 volume<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>produces 10 volumes of<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>) we carry out the following reasoning:<br />
<br />
n <span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 = </span>n O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
V<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 (Standard conditions for gases) </span>= 3,65 m moles * 22.4 ml/mol = <u>81,76 mL O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></u><br />
<br />
-Finally, we calculate if the mL of O2 produced were the expected ones:<br />
<br />
Expected mL O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>: 4mL H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> * 10 = <u>40 mL</u><br />
<br />
% error: (Experimental value - Theoretical value) / Theoretical value *100 = (81,76 - 40) / 40 *100= 41,76 / 40 *100 = <u>104, 4%</u><br />
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<u style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">Conclusions</u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px;">:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In this experiment we have observed that there is always a relation between the reactants of a chemical reaction. Due to this, relations, we can calculate different characteristics of the compounds using easy formulas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Also, we have learned how to carry out a chemical procedure; tritation. As we have seen, this process consists of determining the precise quantity of a reactant needed to carry out a determined chemical reaction. We have learned this process could be really useful to calculate extra-characteristics of the reactants we are using.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Besides these points, we have calculated the molarity of H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> (0.9125 M) and we have been able to check if the volume of O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> was the correct one according to the commercial acid relation. We found out it was not (the percentage error was more than 100%), so we conclude that the hydrogen peroxide we were using was not a commercial one (so its concentration was different), or that there was not standard conditions for the O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>produced (so the results were altered).</div>
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<u>Bibliography:</u></div>
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<br /></div>
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DARMOUTH COLLEGE (2012) : <i>Titration Technique. </i>Taken from:</div>
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<a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html" target="_blank">http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html</a></div>
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Eu http://www.blogger.com/profile/05580648720574224335noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-59662702326025202892013-01-26T04:41:00.000-08:002013-03-09T06:07:40.919-08:00Second Lab Session - Elements' properties<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6485912677807795225" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00685587538320984520noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-67221801457296620012013-01-25T07:40:00.000-08:002013-03-20T11:23:35.310-07:00Second Lab Session - Elements' properties<br />
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Maite Pérez and Javier Mondaza</div>
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23/01/2013<br />
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<u style="text-align: justify;">Objective</u><span style="text-align: justify;">: To investigate the main properties of elements.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
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<u>Background:</u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">In the same way books
are arranged in alphabetical order, by publishing companies, etc, in libraries to
found them easier; in the chemistry laboratory we arrange elements in bottles,
indentified by a label which indicate us many things.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Today, we are also going
to focus on those ones which don't appear on the labels, such as: melting and
boiling point, electric continuity, etc.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">In order
to calculate electric continuity, we will use a hand-made electrical continuity
measurer:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">It will
help us in order to obtain <b>a close loop electrical circuit</b> capable of conducting current, so we can measure with it
its electrical continuity. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(See
the image in the materials' list). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></div>
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<u>Materials:</u></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vp_HJNTw5e0/UQPJqlfurqI/AAAAAAAAADI/7JKXWL8YaT4/s1600/IMG_5264.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vp_HJNTw5e0/UQPJqlfurqI/AAAAAAAAADI/7JKXWL8YaT4/s200/IMG_5264.JPG" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4SFfZqEo2ys/UQPJtB_ns0I/AAAAAAAAADQ/ss54-zxyY-Q/s1600/IMG_5263.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4SFfZqEo2ys/UQPJtB_ns0I/AAAAAAAAADQ/ss54-zxyY-Q/s200/IMG_5263.JPG" width="200" /></a> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r4VhYpdHTBk/USh8jU_SDHI/AAAAAAAAAIA/CDzoCliRRv8/s1600/IMG_5265.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r4VhYpdHTBk/USh8jU_SDHI/AAAAAAAAAIA/CDzoCliRRv8/s200/IMG_5265.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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-3 test tubes - Test tube holder - Hand-made electrical continuity measurer</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Propanol_bottle.jpg/351px-Propanol_bottle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Propanol_bottle.jpg/351px-Propanol_bottle.jpg" width="146" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vz_dwefTNrc/UQPJ0G2C0DI/AAAAAAAAADg/F78aAoo3Bjc/s1600/IMG_5262.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vz_dwefTNrc/UQPJ0G2C0DI/AAAAAAAAADg/F78aAoo3Bjc/s200/IMG_5262.JPG" width="149" /></a> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6ZZwANsqLdg/UQPJzkTaAWI/AAAAAAAAADY/ByR4VWVLp6Q/s1600/IMG_5261.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6ZZwANsqLdg/UQPJzkTaAWI/AAAAAAAAADY/ByR4VWVLp6Q/s200/IMG_5261.JPG" width="149" /></a> <span style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"></span></div>
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- Propanol - Sodium acetate - Lead</div>
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-Thermometer - Ceramic plate<br />
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In today's lesson, we have been calculating the boiling point of Propanol. </div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P8q5Sua1QTY/UQPGUeTkoTI/AAAAAAAAACw/ukwikQSfGbU/s1600/IMG_5247.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P8q5Sua1QTY/UQPGUeTkoTI/AAAAAAAAACw/ukwikQSfGbU/s200/IMG_5247.JPG" width="149" /></a></div>
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<i>Videos on the following post due to technical problems</i><br />
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Then, by using the we measured its electrical continuity, by using a hand-made electrical continuity measurer (see in Materials) .<br />
It is measured by touching with both poles of the device with the element or compound we are testing. If the bulb turns on, it means that the substance is a conductor; if not, it is an insulator.<br />
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Finally, we made up a table which recollected all the data we had obtained and investigated.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Chemical Representation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Smell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Colour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Shine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aggregation State<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Propanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3 CH2 CH2 OH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yes- Strong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Colourless<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sodium Acetate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Compound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3 COO Na<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yes- mild<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">White<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 29.25pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 29.25pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Solid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lead<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yes - mild<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Grey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Solid</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -61.15pt; text-align: center; width: 731px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Melting point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Boiling point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 61.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Magnetism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Combustibility<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 83.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Solubility in water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Solubility in organic solvent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Reactivity vs H2O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">-126°C</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">86°C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 61.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 83.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 29.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">58 °C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">337°C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 61.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 83.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">327.5 °C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">1470 °C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 61.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 83.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Reactivity vs base<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Reactivity vs acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Ph aqueous solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Electricity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Neutral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 29.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Neutral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 20.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Because of the extremely high boiling points and low melting points, we could not reach them in the lab, and that is why we looked for information on the Internet (RUBIN, 2011)<br />
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<u>Conclusions</u></div>
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In today's class we have only been participating Javier and Maite. We have been working in group, always helping each other in order to go faster. While one was recording, the other was heating up the propanol, and then we swapped.</div>
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At the beginning, we were both a bit scared because, as we know, propanol is a very flammable substance, which can explode very easily. Because of this, we took our time to heat up the propanol. We have also been very careful, in order to avoid propanol pouring from the test tube.<br />
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<br />
<u>Bibliography</u><br />
<u><br /></u>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
RUBIN, Julian (2011): <i>Boiling and melting points of elements.</i> Taken from:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/melting_boiling_point.html">http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/melting_boiling_point.html</a></div>
<u><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_1462421212"></span><span id="goog_1462421213"></span></u></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04979392418666021137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-85427705085571828132013-01-20T03:04:00.000-08:002013-03-09T06:56:30.480-08:00First Lab Session - Understanding chemicals bottles<i>Fco Javier Mondaza Hernández and Maite Pérez Lagares</i><br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Objective</u></b>: To calculate the molarity of a substance by only having its molecular mass, richness and density.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwVQ20qN3SduFMmZNaXJDvadpbGAlYwLtXtytzAfLruATwuzphUIOlFHCxnjKEB5UVayfG4o3NVGgHa228-qg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<u><b><span id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"></span>Background:</b></u><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All liquid substances we could find in the lab have different labels where we can find their different characteristics. For example, let’s see the next label:</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0kYG743bazikwS6V2Jo8LqXjkaNaUSVkW241dtTEmIDoIXsupFO33hIeeiCHQdEOFIk-kwEJYQuT48VxjS0tm0UkaZTfiY3agR6kk_XqV9q5F20WWR8E2OhQu4cHjWD2todtueQ4_m7no/s1600/Etiquetas.jpg+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0kYG743bazikwS6V2Jo8LqXjkaNaUSVkW241dtTEmIDoIXsupFO33hIeeiCHQdEOFIk-kwEJYQuT48VxjS0tm0UkaZTfiY3agR6kk_XqV9q5F20WWR8E2OhQu4cHjWD2todtueQ4_m7no/s200/Etiquetas.jpg+2.png" width="148" /></a><b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-NAME<span style="font-weight: normal;">: Name of the compound</span></span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-CHEMICAL REPRESENTATION:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Formula of the substance/compound.</span></span></b></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-MOLECULAR MASS:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Mass of just one molecule of the substance/compound.</span></span></b></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-RICHNESS:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Percentage of concentration of the liquid.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>-DENSITY: </b>It is a measure of the mass of the substance in a standard unit of volume. It is measured in g/ml or </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">g/cm</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">3 </sup><br />
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-MINIMUM PURITY:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> It could be:</span></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Pro Analysi (Pro)</span><br />
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<span id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-Very pure (PRS)</span></span></div>
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<span id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-Pure (PR)</span></span></div>
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<span id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; text-align: start;">Pro synthesi</span><span style="font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (PS)</span><br />
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Procedure</u></b>:</span><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, knowing all the data showed in the background, we are going to calculate its molarity (M):</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nitric acid: HNO3</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">R.m.m.:63.01 g/mol</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Density: 1.395 kg/L</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Richness: 65%</span></b><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.-) 1L x 1.395 kg/L = 1.395 kg</span></b><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.-) Now, we are going to multiply it by its richness (65%):</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.395kg</span><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> x 65%= <u>0.907 kg </u></span></b><b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><u><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HNO</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></u></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.-) Then, we divide it by its molecular mass, which is 63.01 g/mol:</span></b></div>
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">moles: g. substance/ relative molecular mass = 907 g. / 63.01 g/mol = <u>14, 394 moles HNO</u></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>3</u></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.-) FinalLy, we calculate its molarity:</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">M= moles /L.solution // M = 14,394 / 1 L. // M HNO</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 =</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 14, 394</span></b><br />
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<b style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So we can claim that this Nitric acid, has <b style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14, 394</span></b> moles per litre.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Conclusion:</u></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We think this method is a very simple and easy one, because in order to calculate the molarity (M) of a substance you only need to make simple mathematical calculations (multiplications). For this reason, percentage error is very low, because you have less probability of having mistakes. </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the other hand, in order to use this method, you need to know many characteristics of the compound, such as, the molecular mass and its richness. If you do not have all this data, this process of calculating its molarity will be impossible to do; and we will need to resort to the common equation:</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Molarity Equation" src="http://www.acsmars.com/old/images/molarity_equation.png" /></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00685587538320984520noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6485912677807795225.post-70663585188808926052013-01-20T02:53:00.003-08:002013-01-20T03:26:20.547-08:00What are we going to include in the blog?<b id="internal-source-marker_0.33223729813471437" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this blog, we are going to include a brief explanation of what we do in every lab session, in order to share all the results and knowledge with other people; because as we know, Science wouldn’t have existed if people did not share their experiments and knowledge between them. </span></b><br />
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<b id="internal-source-marker_0.8981509590521455" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We are going to include videos, filmed by the four of us, in order to facilitate the comprehension of the experiments. </span></b></div>
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